The Pirate’s Drink, the Navy Neater, Nelson’s blood, kill-devil, demon water… rum goes by many names and is steeped in history. Originally using distilling sugarcane for medicinal reasons, ancient Indians were the first to begin the process.
In one form or another, rum has been made pretty much all over the world, but most popularly it found its home in the Caribbean islands. That’s only part of the story however, so let’s dive a little deeper into this legendary spirit.
What is Rum?
First things first, to work out where rum is made, we need to nail down what it actually is. In this modern world of innovative, diversified drinks, rum is more varied than it once was, but there are still boundaries.
Rum is a spirit made by fermenting and distilling molasses and/or sugarcane to produce a clear spirit that is sometimes aged further. Most countries require this liquid to be a minimum of 40% ABV to be classified as rum too, and there are even regulations (such as in the US) that state the taste, aroma and characteristic of the spirit must be ‘generally attributed to rum’.
Sugarcane has been distilled in India since 350BC, but it was the perfect conditions of the Caribbean that rum would become synonymous with, beginning on the sugarcane plantations in the 17th century. These days, it’s enjoyed worldwide with over 80 countries producing it.
Which Country Produces the Most Rum?
Working out which country produces the most rum is difficult because the export figures are often a result of import figures. For example, Italy is the world’s biggest exporter of rum, but also the biggest importer… so it’s getting it in to sell on essentially.
If we’re talking about making the most rum however, it’s undoubtedly the Caribbean. Islands like Barbados, Martinique, Cuba, Jamaica, Antigua and Trinidad, Puerto Rico and Tobago are where rum is made.
Nearby, South and Central American countries like Guyana, Belize, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama and Venezuela also produce large volumes.
Further afield, the Philippines is the biggest Asian producer, closely followed by India, and Australia also has a newer but flourishing rum industry.
Most rums you find will have one of these countries on the label, but as we said, if it’s got sugarcane, it can be made there!
How Do Rums from Different Countries Differ?
In the Caribbean, the different islands or production areas deliver very unique styles. Categorising them is no easy task, however. Because colonisation is so intertwined with the history of rum, you can find connections between the languages spoken and the rum style.
For example, English-speaking areas are associated with bigger, darker rums and heavy molasses, French-speaking with expressive, ‘agricultural’ rums, and Spanish speaking with smooth character. Let’s go through a few of the most iconic rum producing nations and the rum they make.
Barbados
Rum’s birthplace, Barbados is home to the world’s oldest rum distillery, Mount Gay. Barbados produces some of the highest quality bottles, both light and dark, specialising in traditional profiles. English colonised islands were first to push rum production, so these early styles in Barbados, Jamaica and others are synonymous with full-bodied pot-still rums.
Jamaica
With some of the biggest names in rum like Appelton and Hampden, Jamaica produces top-notch traditional rum, allowing the molasses to naturally ferment with preserved yeast and uncommon distillation techniques. The result? Boozier rum and plenty of ripe fruit notes.
Philippines
Utilising their booming sugar industry for over two centuries, the Philippines produces tonnes of white and golden rums, most famously Tanduay. Ex-bourbon American oak is a favourite in the Philippines, allowing for woody and spicy notes to pair up with the natural fruity, exotic characteristics.
Australia
A modern pioneer, Australia produces fine spiced and white rums. Since the rum revolution against William Bligh in 1808, sugarcane abundant regions like Queensland and New South Wales have been focusing on traditional rum styles. Previously known for intense, rough-around-the-edges rums, the industry has refined over the years to produce real quality.
Cuba
Another distinctive rum nation, Cubans have developed their Spanish-style rums – drier, clear and punchy. The iconic white rums (think Havana Club) are cocktail favourites. Softer and gentler than most, they gain flavour from barrel ageing rather than the neutral column still production… before the charcoal filtering removes the colour. Interestingly, the Spanish wanted to protect their brandy when they owned Cuba, so rum production was actually banned for many years.
Martinique
Nations previously colonised by the French produce ‘rhum agricole’ which uses fresh sugarcane juice instead of molasses, preserving the young character. Spiced rum is massive here, known locally as ‘shrubb’, but light rums are made too.
If all that talk of rum has got you a thirst on, then check out our latest rum recommendations here!
If you’ve got other drinks related questions floating around your head, then we’re here to answer them. For example, ever wondered, ‘Is there a correct way to drink whisky?’ Or ‘What can I mix with a gin instead of tonic?’